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There are documents in Spain that show the cultivation of orange and purple carrots as far back as the medieval period, in the 14th-century, Stolarczyk said. There's a school of thought, Stolarczyk told Live Science, that orange carrot seeds were first introduced to Europe by Islamic traders moving between the Ottoman Empire’s North African territories and the Iberian Peninsula some 200 years before William of Orange began stirring up political insurrection in the Netherlands. Yellow carrots in the Western group probably mutated into more orange hues, which farmers then selectively planted. These domesticated carrots were later split into two main classes: the Asiatic group, which was cultivated around the Himalayas, and the Western group, which grew largely in the Middle East and Turkey. Wild carrots started off as either white or pale yellow, but changed to purple and yellow when people first domesticated the vegetable almost 5,000 years ago in the Persian Plateau area, according to a 2011 report that Stolarczyk co-authored. (SOUNDBITE OF MABEL, JAX JONES AND GALANTIS SONG, "GOOD LUCK") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.A portrait of William of Orange (Image credit: Shutterstock) Meanwhile, the Space Force plans to evaluate its fitness tracker program after a year to decide if it will become permanent.
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SCHMID: Bodell says there needs to be more research on this topic as it relates to the military. Studies have pointed to links between eating disorder symptoms and fitness tracker use.īODELL: Some of the negative consequences, I think, might just be kind of preoccupation with, like, certain exercise regimes or fixation on numbers, which could end up, you know, getting in the way of other activities. But Bodell cautions that switching to fitness monitors poses its own kinds of risks. SCHMID: Space Force leadership hopes the data guardians get from their devices will help them take more ownership of their health. LINDSAY BODELL: Having these consequences of not meeting the standards, then, may lead to people to engage in pretty extreme behaviors. Lindsay Bodell is an assistant professor of psychology at Western University in Ontario. SCHMID: On the question of health, research has also found that an annual test spurs some military members to engage in eating disorders and other unhealthy behavior. I've known folks that can do all their PT aspects and run, you know, a really fast mile and a half, but yet their eating habits are poor. SEBALLES: Many times, fitness is almost used as, you know, a kind of a go, no-go kind of thing, right? You either have it or you don't. SCHMID: Seballes says the Space Force hopes this approach will turn fitness into more of a carrot than stick. So there is, like, some amount of dimensionality to these tests that favors one activity form over another. PATRICK HITCHINS: Maybe you're not good at running. He says it allows guardians to count the activities they normally do, something that hasn't always been the case. Patrick Hitchins is the CEO of Austin-based FitRankings, the company building that platform for the Space Force. SCHMID: The Space Force has plans for a digital community for its troops, who are called guardians, where they can see data from their own device and how it compares to others in the service. JAMES SEBALLES: Our standards really haven't changed, right? We still are utilizing the Air Force PT standards. Chief Master Sergeant James Seballes is a senior enlisted leader for Space Force's Training and Readiness Command.
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Instead, they'll get a smart ring or other wearable fitness device that will keep track of their physical activity throughout the year.
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But the Space Force has a different approach to fitness. SCHMID: This once-a-year assessment is how the Air Force measures if its airmen are physically ready for what their service requires. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #1: Count out loud, guys. SCHMID: A minute of uninterrupted push-ups and later sit-ups. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: Push-uppers ready? Up. SCHMID: Earlier in the morning, they completed the other parts of the fitness test. UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #1: So give me a thumbs-up whenever you guys are ready to go. Each airman has to finish under a set time based on their age to pass this portion of the Air Force's fitness test. They're about to start their one and a half-mile run. Louis Public Radio's Eric Schmid reports.ĮRIC SCHMID, BYLINE: A handful of airmen gather on a six-lane track at Scott Air Force Base in Illinois. military look like without the Annual Physical Fitness Test? Well, probably something like the military's newest branch, the Space Force.